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Tobacco Cessation

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Tobacco Cessation, Smoking Cessation, E-Cigarette Cessation

  • See also
  1. Tobacco
  2. Five As Technique
  • Epidemiology
  1. Up to 70% of Tobacco smokers want to quit but only 5% are successful
  • Preparation
  • Office based Smoking Cessation program
  1. Select an office Smoking Cessation coordinator
  2. Create a smoke free office
  3. Identify all smoking patients: "Do You Smoke"
  4. Review self-help materials with each smoker
  5. Make follow-up visits and call-backs
  6. Consider working with consulting pharmacists to dispense and counsel on Tobacco Cessation products
  7. Tobacco Cessation counseling is billable (CPT 99406 for >3 min and CPT 99407 for >10 min)
  • Protocol
  • Interview in clinic
  1. "Do You smoke?"
    1. Label Chart "SMOKER" (or sticker)
    2. Make Smoking a Vital Sign
  2. How Much do you smoke?
    1. Greater nicotine dependence if >1 pack per day
  3. How soon after waking do you have first Cigarette?
    1. Greater nicotine dependence if under 30 minutes
  4. Have you tried to quit before?
    1. Successful cessation requires 3-6 attempts (average)
  5. Other assessment tools
    1. CAGE Questions can be applied to Tobacco Abuse
    2. Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence
  • Precautions
  • Myths regarding quitting smoking - Anxiety will increase
  1. Smokers (n=101) followed for 4 weeks
  2. No increase in anxiety
  3. Anxiety actually decreased after first week
  4. Reference
    1. West (1997) Am J Psych 154:1589-92 [PubMed]
  • Management
  • General
  1. See Behavior Modification (Trans-theoretical Model, Five As Technique)
  2. Use similar methods and medications for E-Cigarette Cessation as for Tobacco Cessation
  3. Confirm interest in quitting
  4. Set a quit date
  5. Provide Self-Help materials
    1. See resources below
    2. "Clearing the Air" (National Cancer Institute)
    3. Free NCI Materials: 1-800-4-CANCER
    4. Free telephone quit line: 800-QUIT-NOW
    5. SmokeFreeTxt: Text 'QUIT' to 47848
  6. Behavioral interventions are effective (with or without pharmacotherapy)
    1. Individual or group counseling
    2. Guaranteed financial incentives
    3. Text message-based counseling
    4. Hartmann-Boyce (2021) Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1):CD013229 [PubMed]
  7. Relapse is common in first 6-12 months after cessation
    1. Reassess interest in quitting after relapse
  8. Tobacco Cessation office-based billing
    1. Medicare covers up to 8 sessions per year
    2. Counseling for >3 minutes: CPT 99406
    3. Counseling for >10 minutes: CPT 99407
  • Management
  • Pharmacotherapy
  1. Indications for pharmacotherapy (Nicotine Dependence)
    1. Tobacco use at or exceeding 1 pack per day
    2. First Cigarette smoked within 30 minutes of waking
    3. History of withdrawal symptoms during prior quit attempt
  2. Nicotine Replacement
    1. Eight week course is sufficient with little added benefit to longer use
      1. Schnoll (2015) JAMA Intern Med 175(4): 504-11 [PubMed]
    2. Base dose on nicotine dependence
    3. See Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence
    4. Nicotine Patch
    5. Nicotine Gum
      1. Consider an occasional low dose gum (2 mg) as an adjunct to Nicotine Patch to treat breakthrough cravings
    6. Nicotine Nasal Spray
    7. Nicotine Inhaler
  3. Adjunctive Medications
    1. Bupropion (Zyban, Wellbutrin)
      1. May also help avert the weight gain associated with Tobacco Cessation
    2. Varenicline (Chantix)
      1. Increased cardiovascular event risk
      2. More effective when combined with Nicotine Replacement
        1. Koegelenberg (2014) JAMA 312(2): 155-61 [PubMed]
    3. Nortriptyline
      1. Titrate to serum level 50-150 ng/ml (~75 mg/day)
      2. As effective as Bupropion
      3. Da Costa (2002) Chest 122:403-8 [PubMed]
      4. Hall (2002) Arch Gen Psychiatry 59:930-6 [PubMed]
  4. Efficacy
    1. Smokers interested in quitting: 70%
    2. Smokers who quit without additional help: 7.9%
    3. Smokers who quit with only advice of physician: 10.2%
    4. Smokers who quit with Nicotine Replacement: 26%
    5. Smokers who quit with combined therapy below: 35%
      1. Behavioral support
      2. Bupropion
      3. Nicotine Replacement
  5. References
    1. Jorenby (1999) N Engl J Med 340:685-91 [PubMed]
  1. Initial risk of Major Depression exacerbation
  2. Higher risk in first 6 months of Tobacco Cessation
  3. Confirm Major Depression control prior to cessation
  4. Consider Bupropion use for cessation
  5. Glassman (2001) Lancet 357:1929-32 [PubMed]
  • Precautions
  • Medications with no proven efficacy in Tobacco Cessation (avoid)
  1. Silver acetate (gives Cigarettes bad taste)
  2. Alprazolam (Xanax) or other Benzodiazepine
  3. Clonidine (Catapres)
  • Precautions
  • Devices with increased risk or unknown safety
  1. Avoid Electronic Cigarette (E-Cigarette)
    1. Inadequate safety available for these devices and the inhaled vapor compared other Nicotine Replacement forms
    2. No good evidence that e-cigs assist patients in quitting nicotine completely (may simply trade one drug for another)
    3. More than half of e-cig users are dual users (use Tobacco also)
      1. Emphasize the need to completely quit Tobacco
  2. Avoid Hookah Pipe (Tobacco smoke drawn through water before inhalation)
    1. Water does not filter Tobacco-related toxins
    2. Hookah users tend to smoke for longer and have greater exposure
  3. References
    1. (2013) Presc Lett 20(5): 27
    2. Vardavas (2012) Chest 141(6):1400-6 [PubMed]
    3. Trtchounian (2011) Tob Control 20:47-52 [PubMed]
  • Resources
  1. AHRQ Smoking Cessation Guidelines
    1. http://www.ahrq.gov/professionals/clinicians-providers/guidelines-recommendations/tobacco/index.html
  2. CDC Smoking and Tobacco
    1. http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco
  3. National Cancer Institute
    1. http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/tobacco/smoking
  4. Quitnet
    1. http://www.quitnet.com
  5. Nicotine Anonymous
    1. http://www.nicotine-anonymous.org
  6. SmokeFree.gov (NIH)
    1. http://www.smokefree.gov
  • References
  1. (2014) Presc Lett 21(9): 51
  2. Dalack (1995) Am J Psychiatry 152(3):398-403 [PubMed]
    1. Fluoxetine use in Smoking Cessation
  3. Lief (1996) Am J Psychiatry 153(3);442 [PubMed]
    1. Bupropion in Smoking Cessation
  4. Mallin (2002) Am Fam Physician 65(6):1107-17 [PubMed]
    1. Review of Tobacco Cessation measures
  5. Robbins (1993) Am J Prev Med 9(1):31-3 [PubMed]
    1. Review of pharmacotherapy Smoking Cessation
  6. Spring (1995) Am J Clin Nutr 62(6):1181-7 [PubMed]
    1. Weight loss drugs do not stop cessation weight gain