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Sports Performance Supplement
Aka: Sports Performance Supplement, Ergogenic Aid, Anabolic Aid
- See Also
- Nutrition for Athletes
- Drug Abuse in Athletes
- Epidemiology
- U.S. Supplement revenue in 1997: 11.8 Billion
- Incidence of supplement use
- General population: 50%
- College athletes: 76%
- Body builders: 100%
- Efficacy
- Supplements listed here are for completeness only
- No supplement is endorsed by this resource
- Many supplements are dangerous and illegal
- Ergogenic Aids generally have poor risk-benefit ratio
- Few Ergogenic Aids are beneficial
- Many Ergogenic Aids carry significant risks
- Preparations: Adrenergic Stimulants
- Caffeine
- Athletes are limited to 12 mcg/ml urine (NCAA) and 15 mcg/ml (IOC)
- Performance enhancing in endurance sports
- Kovacs (1998) J Appl Physiol 85(2): 709-15 [PubMed]
- Bruce (2000) Med Sci Sports Exerc 32(11): 1958-63 [PubMed]
- Cocaine
- Phenylpropanolamine
- Ephedrine, Ephedra, and Pseudoephedrine
- Prohibited by IOC and NCAA
- Possibly effective in increasing Exercise performance and strength
- However, the potential adverse effects are serious and outweigh any possible benefit
- Shekelle (2003) JAMA 289(12): 1537-45 [PubMed]
- Dimethylamylamine (DMAA)
- Banned by world anti-doping agency, U.S. Military, as well as several countries including Canada
- Risk of vasconstriction, Hypertension and coronary events
- Preparations: Anabolic agents (banned by IOC and NCAA)
- Insulin
- Anabolic Steroids
- Androstenedione
- Dianabol
- Testosterone
- Dihydrotestosterone
- Human Growth Hormone (banned by IOC and NCAA)
- Used to enhance growth in Short Stature
- Precursor to testosterone
- Produced by recombinant Genetics
- Very expensive, difficult to detect
- No benefit for strength and endurance in athletes
- Liu (2008) Ann Intern Med 148(10): 747-58 [PubMed]
- Preparations: Anti-Asthma Medications (for performance enhancement)
- Clenbuterol
- Albuterol
- Salbutamol
- Salmeterol
- Terbutaline
- Preparations: Increased Red Blood Cell Mass
- Blood Doping
- Recombinant Erythropoietin
- Preparations: Nutritional Supplements
- Creatine Monohydrate
- Amino Acid Supplement (Arginine Aspartate Supplement)
- Chromium Picolinate
- Reported cases of liver and renal dysfunction and Rhabdomyolysis
- No increase in Exercise performance or strength
- Davis (2000) Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 10(4):476-85 [PubMed]
- Livolsi (2001) J Strength Cond Res 15(2): 161-6 [PubMed]
- Iron Supplementation
- Indicated in Iron Deficiency (esp. women)
- No benefit for athletes with normal iron stores (and risk of Hemochromatosis)
- L-Carnitine
- L-Tryptophan
- Beta-Hydroxy-Beta-Methylbutyrate (HMB)
- Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
- References
- Armsey (1997) Physician Sports Med 25(6):77-92
- Eichner (1997) Physician Sports Med 25(4): 70-83
- Ahrendt (2001) Am Fam Physician 63(5):913-22 [PubMed]
- Catlin (1996) JAMA 276(3): 231-7 [PubMed]
- Jenkinson (2008) Am Fam Physician 78(9):1039-46 [PubMed]