Nephrology Book

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Hyperosmolar Hyponatremia

Aka: Hyperosmolar Hyponatremia
  1. See Also
    1. Hyponatremia
    2. Normoosmolar Hyponatremia
    3. Hypoosmolar Hyponatremia
    4. Hyponatremia Management
    5. Sodium and Water Homeostasis
  2. Definition
    1. Hyponatremia with Measured Serum Osmolality >300 mOsm
  3. Pathophysiology
    1. Effective osmoles (e.g. excessive Glucose) create a hypertonic, hyperosmolar extracellular fluid
    2. Results in a transcellular shift of water out of cells into extracellular fluid
    3. Results in dilution of Sodium with Hyponatremia
  4. Causes
    1. Hypertonic infusion
      1. Glucose
      2. Mannitol
      3. Glycine
      4. Sorbitol
      5. Radiocontrast Material
    2. Hyperglycemia
      1. Associated Conditions
        1. Diabetic Ketoacidosis
        2. Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Coma
      2. Calculation
        1. Sodium falls 1.6 meq/L per 100 mg/dl Glucose rise above 100 mg/dl
        2. Sodium falls 2.4meq/L per 100 mg/dl Glucose rise above 400 mg/dl
  5. References
    1. Kone in Tisher (1993) Nephrology, p. 87-100
    2. Levinsky in Wilson (1991) Harrison's IM, p. 281-84
    3. Rose (1989) Acid-Base and Electrolytes, p. 601-38
    4. Braun (2015) Am Fam Physician 91(5): 299-307 [PubMed]

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