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Screening Test
Aka: Screening Test
- See Also
- Contingency Grid or Cross Tab (includes Statistics Example)
- Bayes Theorem (Bayesian Statistics)
- Fagan Nomogram
- Experimental Error (Experimental Bias)
- Lead-Time Bias
- Length Bias
- Selection Bias
- Likelihood Ratio (Positive Likelihood Ratio, Negative Likelihood Ratio)
- Number Needed to Screen (Number Needed to Treat, Absolute Risk Reduction, Relative Risk Reduction)
- Negative Predictive Value
- Positive Predictive Value
- Pre-Test Odds or Post-Test Odds
- Receiver Operating Characteristic
- Test Sensitivity (False Negative Rate)
- Test Specificity (False Positive Rate)
- U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendations
- Definitions
- Factors affecting Positive Predictive Value
- Prevalence of disease
- Accuracy of test
- Types: Bias
- Screening Bias
- Lead-Time Bias
- Length-Time Bias
- Criteria: Ideal Screening Test
- Disease Features
- Disease significantly impacts public health
- Intermediate probability of disease
- Detection occurs before a critical point
- Critical point occurs before clinical diagnosis
- Screened patient is still asymptomatic
- Diagnosis would not otherwise occur this early
- Endometrial Cancer's critical point is too late
- Critical point occurs in time to affect outcome
- Disease must be detected early enough for cure
- Lung Cancer's critical point occurs too early
- Test Features
- Screening Test tolerated by patients
- High Test Sensitivity to detect asymptomatic disease
- Best quality for Screening Test
- Test criterion or threshold is set low to minimize False Negatives (at the expense of increased False Positives)
- High Test Specificity
- Best quality for confirmatory test
- Test criterion or threshold is set high to minimize False Positives (at the expense of increased False Negatives)
- Screened Population Features
- Disease has high enough Prevalence to allow screening
- Medical care available if Screening Test positive
- Patient willing to undergo further evaluation
- Evaluation
- Assume you know the disease state
- Test Sensitivity (Test Recall)
- Given the patient has the disease,
- What is the probability of a true positive test
- Test Specificity
- Given the patient does not have the disease,
- What is the probability of a true negative test
- Probability of test given disease
- P(test | disease) = Test Sensitivity / Test Specificity
- Where P (A | B) = Probability of A given B
- Assume you know the test result
- Positive Predictive Value (PPV, Test Precision)
- Given a positive test,
- What is the probability that the patient has the disease
- Negative Predictive Value (NPV)
- Given a negative test
- What is the probability that the patient does not have the disease
- Probability of disease given test
- P(disease | positive test) = PPV / NPV
- P(disease | positive test) via Bayes Theorem = P(positive test | disease) * P(disease) / P(positive test)
- where P(positive test | disease) = Test Sensitivity
- where P(disease) = Prevalence of disease in the tested cohort
- where P(positive test) = Probability of positive test in the tested cohort
- References
- Desai (2014) AMIA Board Review, Clinical Decision Making
- Gates (2001) Am Fam Physician 63(3):513-22 [PubMed]
- MacLean (1996) Med Clin North Am 80(1):1-14 [PubMed]
- Nielsen (1999) Med Clin North Am 83(6):1323-37 [PubMed]