Pediatric Leg Disorder

Aka: Pediatric Leg Disorder, Lower Extremity Abnormality in Children, Lower Extremity Abnormalities in Children, Pediatric Leg Evaluation

1. See Also
   1. Causes of Limp in Children
   2. Abnormal Gait
   3. Gait Evaluation in Children
2. Precautions
   1. See Limping Child for acute painful gait
   2. This Pediatric Leg Disorder topic addresses the more chronic, progressive pediatric leg abnormalities
3. History
   1. Distinguish between 2 types of Gait Abnormality (critical first step)
      1. Acute, Antalgic Gait (painful) resulting in Limping Child (urgent evaluation)
         1. See Limping Child
      2. Chronic, progressive, nonantalgic gait or other leg abnormality
         1. Described here
   2. Past medical history and growth and development
      1. Prenatal and birth history
      2. Developmental Milestones
4. Exam: Systemic Signs
   1. Growth
      1. Height and weight with growth percentiles
      2. Normal growth decreases likelihood of underlying systemic condition (e.g. Rickets, metabolic bone disease)
   2. Facial Appearance
      1. Abnormal facies may suggest genetic disorder
   3. Neurologic
      1. See Developmental Delay
      2. See Muscle Weakness in Children
   4. Skin
      1. Ecchymosis
         1. Nonaccidental Trauma
      2. Midline spinal skin changes (e.g. dermal sinus, midline Lipoma, sacral dimple)
         1. See Cutaneous Signs of Dysraphism
      3. Neurocutaneous Syndrome (e.g. Cafe-Au-Lait Macule)
         1. See Neurofibromatosis
5. Exam: Gait
   1. See Gait Evaluation in Children
   2. Distinguish between painful (antalgic) and non-painful (nonantalgic) Abnormal Gait
   3. Antalgic Gait
      1. Stance phase on unaffected limb is shortened due to pain
      2. Refusal to bear weight especially with limited range of motion, systemic symptoms, fever
         1. Septic Arthritis
   4. Nonantalgic gait
      1. See Abnormal Gait
      2. Includes Steppage Gait, Trendelenburg Gait, Circumduction Gait, Equinus Gait
6. Exam: General Musculoskeletal
   1. Joint Inflammation (Joint Swelling, warmth, and painful range of motion)
      1. Inflammatory Arthritis
      2. Septic Arthritis (non-weight bearing)
      3. Reactive Arthritis
   2. Muscle
      1. Muscular atrophy: Disuse atrophy or neurologic disorder
      2. Calf hypertrophy: Muscular Dystrophy
   3. Ligaments
      1. Joint Laxity
   4. Bone Tenderness
      1. Fracture or bone Contusion
      2. Bone Tumor (may present with palpable bone mass)
      3. Osteomyelitis
   5. Spine
      1. Evaluate spinal flexion and extension
      2. Evaluate for Scoliosis, lumbar lordosis, thoracic kyphosis
7. Exam: Hip and Pelvis
   1. See Hip Exam
   2. See Hip Rotation Evaluation in Children
   3. See Hip Range of Motion
   4. Gluteal or thigh skin fold asymmetry
      1. Congenital Hip Dysplasia
   5. Galeazzi Sign
      1. Limb Length Discrepancy
   6. FABER Test or Pelvic Compression Test positive
      1. Sacroiliac Joint Disorder
   7. Trandelenburg Test positive
      1. Congenital Hip Dysplasia, weak hip adductors
   8. W-Sitting Position
      1. Associated with Femoral Anteversion
      2. Patient sits on floor with each heel adjacent to the ipsilateral hip
         1. Hips flexed and externally rotated
         2. Knees maximally flexed
   9. Hip resting position flexed and externally rotated
      1. Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
         1. Hip unable to be abducted or internally rotated
      2. Hip Joint effusion
         1. Hip abducted
   10. Hip internal rotation lost
       1. Aseptic Necrosis of the Femoral Head
       2. Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
       3. Intraarticular hip disorder
   11. Pelvic compression resulting in pain
       1. Sacroiliac joint disorder
       2. Pelvis Trauma
8. Exam: Leg
   1. Foot Deformity
      1. See Pediatric Foot Evaluation
      2. See Gait Evaluation in Children
      3. See Foot Anatomy
      4. Consider common foot disorders
         1. Clubfoot (tiptoe walking, fixed equinus position)
         2. Metatarsus Adductus (foot cause of In-Toeing)
         3. Calcaneovalgus Deformity (Out-toeing)
   2. Rotational Deformity
      1. Torsional Profile (Leg Rotation Evaluation in Children)
      2. Foot Progression Angle (In-Toeing, Out-toeing)
      3. Thigh-Foot Angle (tibial torsion)
      4. Hip Rotation Evaluation in Children (Femoral Anteversion)
   3. Angular Deformity
      1. Nearly all newborns start with Genu Varum
         1. Neutral position by age 2 years
         2. Genu Valgum by age 3-6 years
         3. Returns to neutral or slightly valgus position (esp girls), by age 7-11 years old
      2. Evaluate standing knee alignment
         1. Intercondylar distance
         2. Intermalleolar distance
         3. Tibiofemoral angle
      3. Disorders
         1. Genu Varum (bow leg)
         2. Genu Valgum (knock knee)
9. Differential Diagnosis
   1. Acute, Antalgic Gait (painful) resulting in Limping Child
      1. See Causes of Limp in Children
      2. See Leg Pain
      3. See Foot Pain
   2. Chronic, progressive, nonantalgic gait or other leg abnormality
      1. See Gait Evaluation in Children
      2. See Abnormal Gait in Children
      3. See In-Toeing
      4. See Out-toeing
10. References
    1. Rerucha (2017) Am Fam Physician 96(4): 226-33 [PubMed]