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Peripheral Nerve Injury

Aka: Peripheral Nerve Injury, Peripheral Nerve Entrapment, Entrapment Neuropathy, Neuropraxia, Axonotmesis, Axonal Neuropathy, Neurotmesis, Compression Neuropathy, Compressive Neuropathy, Nerve Compression Syndrome
  1. See Also
    1. Peripheral Neuropathy
    2. Overuse Syndromes of the Hand and Wrist
  2. Definitions: Categories of Peripheral Nerve Injury
    1. Neuropraxia
      1. Least severe Peripheral Nerve Injury
      2. Myelin fibers surrounding the axon are injured focally
      3. Axon and connective tissue sheath remain unharmed
      4. Limited duration of injury (typically days to weeks)
    2. Axonotmesis
      1. Axon injury
      2. Recovery over months and frequently incomplete nerve regeneration with residual deficit
    3. Neurotmesis
      1. Most severe Peripheral Nerve Injury and least common of the three nerve injury types
      2. Complete axon disruption
      3. Normal regeneration of the nerve is uncommon and signficant persistent deficit is the norm
  3. Pathophysiology
    1. Mechanisms of nerve injury
      1. Direct pressure
      2. Repetitive microtrauma
      3. Stretch-induced ischemia
      4. Compression-induced ischemia
    2. Degree of nerve injury factors
      1. Severity of injury mechanism
      2. Duration of exposure to compression or other mechanism
  4. Causes: General
    1. Compartment Syndrome
    2. Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy
    3. Post-herpetic Neuralgia
  5. Causes: Face
    1. Trigeminal Neuralgia
  6. Causes: Upper Extremity
    1. Cervical Spine and Cervicobrachial (Axilla)
      1. Cervical Disc Disease
      2. Brachial Plexus Burner
    2. Shoulder
      1. Shoulder Band Syndrome (Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy)
      2. Quadrilateral Space Syndrome (Axillary Nerve Injury)
      3. Long Thoracic Nerve Injury
        1. Injury: Direct blow to Shoulder or chronic repetitive overhead Shoulder traction (e.g. tennis, swimming, baseball)
        2. Symptoms: Diffuse Shoulder or Neck Pain with overhead activity
        3. Exam: Forward flexion weakness at Shoulder and Scapular winging
      4. Spinal Accessory Nerve Injury
    3. Elbow and Forearm
      1. Cubital Tunnel (Ulnar Nerve)
      2. Radial Tunnel (and related Posterior Interosseus Nerve Syndrome)
    4. Wrist and Hand
      1. See Overuse Syndromes of the Hand and Wrist
      2. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (Median Nerve)
      3. Ulnar Tunnel Syndrome (Cyclist's Palsy)
      4. Handcuff Neuropathy (Radial Nerve)
  7. Causes: Lower Extremity
    1. Lumbar Spine and buttock
      1. Lumbar Disc Disease
      2. Piriformis Syndrome (Sciatica)
    2. Anterior Pelvis and thigh
      1. Ilioinguinal Nerve Compression
      2. Meralgia Paresthetica
      3. Obturator Nerve Compression
    3. Ankle and Foot
      1. Tarsal Tunnel
      2. Morton's Neuroma
  8. Symptoms
    1. Burning pain
    2. Numbness
    3. Paresthesias
    4. Motor Weakness
  9. References
    1. Neal (2010) Am Fam Physician 81(2): 147-55 [PubMed]

Nerve compression syndrome (C0027743)

Definition (MSH) Mechanical compression of nerves or nerve roots from internal or external causes. These may result in a conduction block to nerve impulses (due to MYELIN SHEATH dysfunction) or axonal loss. The nerve and nerve sheath injuries may be caused by ISCHEMIA; INFLAMMATION; or a direct mechanical effect.
Concepts Disease or Syndrome (T047)
MSH D009408
English Compression Syndrome, Nerve, Compression Syndromes, Nerve, Nerve Compression Syndrome, Nerve Compression Syndromes, Syndrome, Nerve Compression, Syndromes, Nerve Compression, Nerve Compression Syndromes [Disease/Finding], trapped nerve, compression neuropathy, entrapment neuropathy, nerve trap, neuropathy entrapment, entrapment neuropathies, trap nerve, nerve compression syndrome, nerve compression syndromes, nerve entrapment syndrome, compression neuropathies, Nerve compression syndrome
Swedish Nervkompressionssyndrom
Czech syndromy komprese nervů, neurovaskulární konflikt, tunelové syndromy, úžinové syndromy
Finnish Hermopinneoireyhtymät
Russian NEVROPATIIA SOPUTSTVUIUSHCHAIA, NERVA SDAVLENIIA SINDROMY, НЕВРОПАТИЯ СОПУТСТВУЮЩАЯ, НЕРВА СДАВЛЕНИЯ СИНДРОМЫ
Japanese 圧迫性神経障害, 絞扼神経障害, 絞扼性神経障害, 神経絞扼性障害, 神経圧迫性障害, 圧迫･絞扼性神経障害, 絞扼性末梢神経障害, 神経圧迫症候群, 圧迫絞扼性神経障害, 末梢神経圧迫症候群
Croatian ŽIVCI, KOMPRESIVNI SINDROMI
Polish Usidlenie nerwu, Zespoły uciskowe nerwów
Norwegian Nerveinnklemmingssyndromer, Nervekompresjonssyndromer
Portuguese Compressões de Nervos, Aprisionamentos Neurais, Encarceramentos de Nervos, Aprisionamento de Nervos, Compressões Neurais, Neuropatias Compressivas, Síndromes de Compressão Nervosa
French Syndromes de compression nerveuse, Neuropathies de compression
German Nervenkompressionssyndrome
Italian Sindrome da compressione nervosa
Dutch Compressieneuropathie, Neuropathie, compressie-, Compressieneuropathieën, Neuropathieën, compressie-
Spanish Síndromes de Compresión Nerviosa
Sources
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)


Peripheral Nerve Injuries (C0262593)

Definition (MSH) Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.
Definition (MSHCZE) Poranění PERIFERNÍCH NERVů. R
Definition (NCI_CDISC) Sensory or motor loss of peripheral nerve function due to a traumatic event.
Definition (NCI) Sensory or motor loss of peripheral nerve function due to a traumatic event. (ACC)
Concepts Injury or Poisoning (T037)
MSH D059348
SnomedCT 157657003, 157648009, 287156003, 73590005
English PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY, Peripheral nerve injury NOS, injury of peripheral nerve (diagnosis), injury of peripheral nerve, Nerve injury, peripheral, Injury;nerve;peripheral, injury nerve peripheral, peripheral nerve injuries, peripheral nerve injury, Nerve Injuries, Peripheral, Nerve Injury, Peripheral, Injury, Peripheral Nerve, Injuries, Peripheral Nerve, Peripheral Nerve Injuries, Peripheral Nerve Injury, Peripheral Nerve Injuries [Disease/Finding], Peripheral nerve injuries, Peripheral nerve injury NOS (disorder), Peripheral nerve injury, PNI - Peripheral nerve injury, Peripheral nerve injury (disorder), injury; nerve, peripheral, nerve; injury, peripheral, Peripheral nerve injury, NOS
Italian Traumatismi di nervo periferico, Traumatismo di nervo periferico, Lesioni dei nervi periferici
Dutch zenuwletsel, perifeer, letsel; zenuw, perifeer, zenuw; letsel, perifeer, perifere zenuwletsels, perifere zenuwletsel
French Lésion nerveuse, périphérique, ATTEINTE D'UN NERF PERIPHERIQUE, Lésions des nerfs périphériques, Lésions nerveuses périphériques, Lésion d'un nerf périphérique
German Nervenverletzung, peripher, Periphere Nervenverletzung, Periphere Nervenverletzungen, Verletzung peripherer Nerven, Verletzungen der Peripherienerven
Japanese 末梢神経損傷, ﾏｯｼｮｳｼﾝｹｲｿﾝｼｮｳ
Portuguese LESAO DO NERVO PERIFERICO, Traumatismos dos Nervos Periféricos, Lesões dos Nervos Periféricos, Lesão do Nervo Periférico, Traumatismo do Nervo Periférico, Lesão traumática de nervo periférico, Lesões dos nervos periféricos
Czech Úrazy periferního nervu, Poranění periferního nervu, poranění periferního nervu, periferní nerv - poranění
Spanish lesión traumática de nervio periférico (trastorno), lesión traumática de un nervio periférico, lesión traumática de un nervio periférico (trastorno), Lesión del Nervio Periférico, Traumatismos de los Nervios Periféricos, lesión de nervio periférico, SAI, lesión de nervio periférico, SAI (trastorno), Peripheral nerve injury NOS, injuria de un nervio periférico, lesión traumática de nervio periférico, Lesiones traumáticas de los nervios periféricos, Lesión traumática de nervio periférico
Hungarian Perifériás ideg sérülései, Perifériás ideg sérülése, Idegsérülés, perifériás
Russian ПЕРИФЕРИЧЕСКИХ НЕРВОВ ПОВРЕЖДЕНИЯ, НЕРВА ПЕРИФЕРИЧЕСКОГО ТРАВМА, NERVA PERIFERICHESKOGO TRAVMA, PERIFERICHESKIKH NERVOV POVREZHDENIIA
Polish Uszkodzenie nerwów obwodowych, Urazy nerwów obwodowych
Norwegian Skader i det perifere nervesystemet, Skade i det perifere nervesystemet
Sources
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)


Axonal neuropathy (C0270921)

Concepts Disease or Syndrome (T047)
SnomedCT 60703000
Spanish Neuropatía axonal, neuropatía axónica (trastorno), neuropatía axónica
French Neuropathie axonale
Dutch axonale neuropathie
Portuguese Neuropatia axónica
German axonale Neuropathie
Italian Neuropatia assonale
Japanese 軸索型ニューロパチー, ｼﾞｸｻｸｶﾞﾀﾆｭｰﾛﾊﾟﾁｰ
Czech Axonální neuropatie
English axonal neuropathies, axonal neuropathy, Axonal neuropathy, Axonal neuropathy (disorder), Axonal neuropathy, NOS, Axonal Neuropathy
Hungarian Axonalis neuropathia
Sources
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)


Neurapraxia (C0393872)

Concepts Injury or Poisoning (T037)
SnomedCT 390012000, 135894004, 316927003, 367319009, 230619007, 370509002, 370607005
Dutch neuropraxie NAO, neuropraxie
French Neuropraxie SAI, Neuropraxie
German Neuropraxie, Neurapraxie NNB
Italian Neuroaprassia NAS, Neuroprassia
Portuguese Neuropraxia, Nerurapraxia NE
English [Q] Neuropraxia, neuropraxia, neurapraxia, Neurapraxia NOS, [Q] Neuropraxia (qualifier value), Contusion of peripheral nerve, Neuropraxia, Contusion of peripheral nerve (disorder), Neurapraxia (disorder), Neurapraxia (morphologic abnormality), Neurapraxia
Spanish Neuropraxia, Neuropraxia NEOM, [Q] neuropraxia, [Q] neuropraxia (calificador), contusión del nervio periférico (trastorno), contusión del nervio periférico, neuroapraxia (trastorno), neuroapraxia, neuropraxia (anomalía morfológica), neuropraxia
Japanese ニューラプラキシーＮＯＳ, ニューラプラキシー, ﾆｭｰﾗﾌﾟﾗｷｼｰ, ﾆｭｰﾗﾌﾟﾗｷｼｰNOS
Czech Neurapraxie NOS, Neurapraxie, snížení funkce periferního nervu
Hungarian Neuropraxia, Neurapraxia k.m.n.
Sources
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)


Entrapment Neuropathies (C1510429)

Concepts Disease or Syndrome (T047)
MSH D009408
SnomedCT 155085004, 45781009
English Neuropathies, Entrapment, Neuropathy, Entrapment, Nerve entrapment syndromes, Compression neuropathy (disorder), Entrapment neuropathies, Compression neuropathy, Nerve entrapment syndrome, Trapped nerve, Entrapment neuropathy, Peripheral nerve entrapment syndrome (disorder), Peripheral nerve entrapment syndrome, neuropathy; entrapment, Entrapment syndrome, NOS, Entrapment neuropathy, NOS, Entrapment Neuropathy, Entrapment Neuropathies
Dutch inklemmingsneuropathie, neuropathie; inklemming, Entrapment
French Syndrome canalaire, Syndromes canalaires, Syndromes tunnelaires
German Neuropathie durch Einengung, Engpaß-Neuropathien
Italian Neuropatia da intrappolamento, Neuropatie da intrappolamento
Portuguese Neuropatia por compressão anatómica, Neuropatias de Encarceramento
Spanish Neuropatía compresiva, Neuropatías de Atrapamiento, neuropatía de atrapamiento, síndrome de atrapamiento, síndrome de compresión de nervio periférico, neuropatía por compresión, síndrome de atrapamiento (trastorno), síndrome de atrapamiento de nervio periférico, síndrome de compresión de nervio periférico (trastorno)
Japanese ｺｳﾔｸｾｲﾆｭｰﾛﾊﾟﾁｰ, 絞扼性ニューロパチー
Czech Neuropatie tlaková, entrapment neuropatie
Hungarian Becsípődéses neuropathia
Norwegian Inneklemmingsnevropatier
Sources
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)


Neurotmesis of peripheral nerve (C2960651)

Concepts Injury or Poisoning (T037)
SnomedCT 445900004
English Neurotmesis of peripheral nerve, Neurotmesis of peripheral nerve (disorder)
Spanish neurotmesis de nervio periférico, neurotmesis de nervio periférico (trastorno)
Sources
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)


Axonotmesis of peripheral nerve (C2960652)

Concepts Injury or Poisoning (T037)
SnomedCT 445869000
English Axonotmesis of peripheral nerve (disorder), Axonotmesis of peripheral nerve
Spanish axonotmesis de nervio periférico, axonotmesis de nervio periférico (trastorno)
Sources
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)


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