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Pediatric Foot Evaluation
Aka: Pediatric Foot Evaluation, Pediatric Foot Deformity
- See Also
- Gait Evaluation in Children
- Foot Anatomy
- Clubfoot
- In-Toeing
- Out-toeing
- Metatarsus Adductus
- Congenital Vertical Talus
- Calcaneovalgus Deformity
- Pediatric Limp
- Torsional Profile
- Foot Progression Angle
- Thigh-Foot Angle
- Hip Rotation Evaluation in Children
- Exam: Foot
- Lateral view
- Normal neonatal foot dorsiflexed >90 degrees
- Rule-out fixed equinus (Clubfoot) position
- Tiptoe walking (foot plantar flexed)
- Tight heel cord
- Plantar view (footprint shape)
- Kidney bean (sole deviated medially)
- Metatarsus Adductus
- Banana (sole deviated laterally)
- Calcaneovalgus Deformity
- PA View (from behind, while in neutral position)
- Heel varus with inverted foot (medial malleoli apart)
- Metatarsus Adductus
- Heel valgus with everted foot (medial malleoli touch)
- Calcaneovalgus Deformity
- Abnormal foot or leg Rotation
- See Gait Evaluation in Children
- See Torsional Profile
- See Foot Progression Angle
- See Thigh-Foot Angle
- See Hip Rotation Evaluation in Children
- Risk Factors: Foot deformity
- Intrauterine compression
- Multiple Gestation
- Uterine malformation/myoma
- Uterine compression
- Increased uterine Muscle tone
- Oligohydramnios
- Fetal Macrosomia
- Non-vertex presentation (e.g. breach presentation)
- Extrauterine compression
- Small maternal Pelvis
- Prominent maternal LS spine
- Tight abdominal Muscles
- Maternal Hypertension (unclear mechanism)
- General fetal hypotonia
- Central or Peripheral Nervous System disease
- Congenital Muscle disease
- Congenital Muscle imbalance (Myelomeningocele)
- Family History
- Clubfoot
- Dislocated hip
- Associated conditions: Foot Deformities
- Arthrogryposis
- Brain Tumor
- Cerebral Palsy
- Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
- Congenital dislocation of hip
- Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy
- Friedreich's Ataxia
- Sacral agenesis
- Spina bifida
- Sacral Lipoma
- Spinal cord tumor
- Prevention: Shoe Recommendations for properly fitting shoe
- Adequate criteria met by inexpensive shoes
- Straight, no inward medial or lateral toe pressure
- Broad enough
- Toes assume natural, compressed standing position
- Reference
- Staheli(1980) Pediatrics 65:13-7 [PubMed]
- References
- Hoppenfeld (1976) Exam. Spine Extremities, p.159-60,223
- Churgay (1993) Am Fam Physician 47(4):883 [PubMed]
- Rerucha (2017) Am Fam Physician 96(4): 226-33 [PubMed]