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Shoulder Presentation
Aka: Shoulder Presentation, Transverse Lie
- See Also
- Fetal Malpresentation
- Fetal Presentation
- Fetal Lie
- Fetal Position
- Twin Gestation
- Occiput Posterior
- Breech Presentation
- Face Presentation
- Brow Presentation
- Definitions
- Transverse Lie
- Fetal Lie perpendicular to mother's long axis
- Shoulder Presentation
- Occurs when fetus is transverse with back down
- Shoulder sits over pelvic inlet
- Epidemiology
- Incidence: 0.3% of singleton births
- Causes
- Prematurity
- Placenta Previa
- Abnormal Uterus
- Contracted Pelvis or relaxed abdominal wall
- Polyhydramnios
- Diagnosis
- Leopold's Maneuvers
- Transverse Lie should be easy to identify
- Digital cervical exam
- No presenting part
- Management
- Ceserean section required in most cases
- Indications to consider External Cephalic Version
- Intact membranes and no labor
- Back-up Transverse Lie with Cervix fully dilated
- Complications
- Uterine Rupture