Latent Tuberculosis Treatment

Aka: Latent Tuberculosis Treatment, Latent Tuberculosis, Latent Tb, Tuberculosis Prophylaxis, Tb Prophylaxis, LTBI

1. See Also
   1. Tuberculosis
   2. Tuberculosis Screening in Children
   3. Tuberculosis Risk Factors (Tuberculosis Screening Indications)
   4. Tuberculosis Risk Factors for progression from Latent to Active Disease (Latent Tuberculosis Treatment Indications)
   5. Tuberculosis Related Chest XRay Changes
   6. Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis
   7. Tuberculin Skin Test (TST, Purified Protein Derivative, PPD)
   8. Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Antigen-Specific Interferon-Gamma Release Assay (IGRA)
   9. Active Tuberculosis Treatment
   10. Susceptible Tuberculosis Treatment
   11. Possibly Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment
   12. Multiple Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment
   13. Tuberculosis Resources
2. Epidemiology
   1. Concurrent HIV Infection confers a 10% conversion to Active Tuberculosis per year (highest rate)
   2. Overall rate of progression from Latent Tuberculosis to Active Tuberculosis: 5-15%
      1. Latent Tuberculosis progression is responsible for >80% of Active Tuberculosis cases in the United States
      2. Half of latent to Active Tuberculosis progressions occur within the first 2 years following infection
         1. Progression within 2 years in otherwise healthy patient (e.g. non-HIV): 5%
         2. Progression after 2 years in otherwise healthy patient (e.g. non-HIV): 5%
3. Precautions
   1. Latent Tuberculosis is a lab diagnosis based on positive Screening Tests (IGRA, PPD)
      1. Latent Tuberculosis are asymptomatic
   2. Active Tuberculosis patients are symptomatic (cough, Hemoptysis, Night Sweats, weight loss)
      1. Active Tuberculosis patients are treated with multi-drug regimens to prevent resistance
      2. Do not treat Latent Tuberculosis patients with single agent until Active Tb is excluded by history
   3. Latent Tb management requires provider vigilence
      1. Educate and monitor compliance (important to complete course)
      2. Be alert for hepatotoxicity (Isoniazid, rifamycins) and limit Alcohol and other Hepatotoxins
      3. Observe for Thrombocytopenia with rifamycins
      4. See specific agents for additional recommendations (e.g. Vitamin B6 and Isoniazid, Rifamycin Drug Interactions)
4. Indications: Strongest Indications for Latent Tuberculosis Treatment
   1. See Tuberculosis Screening (Tuberculin Skin Test or IGRA)
   2. See Tuberculosis Risk Factors for progression from Latent to Active Disease
   3. Risk of serious disease or Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis (e.g. Miliary Tuberculosis, Tuberculous Meningitis)
5. Contraindications: Latent Tuberculosis Treatment
   1. Age over 35 years (risk of hepatitis) is no longer an absolute contraindication
   2. Prophylaxis indications regardless of age
      1. Recent PPD conversion
      2. Chest XRay shows healed Tuberculosis (see Tuberculosis Related Chest XRay Changes)
      3. Immunocompromised patient (e.g. HIV)
6. Duration: Treatment
   1. Typical course: 9 months (unless otherwise noted - see below)
   2. Course of 9 months is now also recommended in cases previously treated for 12 months
      1. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
      2. Immunosuppression
      3. Chest XRay showing healed Tuberculosis (e.g. apical fibronodular changes)
7. Protocols: Latent Tuberculosis Treatment
   1. See Isoniazid for specific precautions and Vitamin B6 supplementation guidelines
   2. First Line Prophylaxis
      1. Duration
         1. Standard therapy: 9 months (90% effective)
         2. Shorter course: 6 months (60-80% effective, but better compliance)
      2. Isoniazid Routine Dosing
         1. Adults 5 mg/kg up to 300 mg orally daily
         2. Child 10-20 mg/kg/day (max 300 mg/day)
      3. Isoniazid Alternative Dosing
         1. Adult: 15 mg/kg up to 900 mg twice weekly supervised
         2. Child: 20-40 mg/kg twice weekly (maximum 900 mg) supervised
   3. Alternative Protocols: Rifampin for 4 months (60% effective)
      1. Do not use as monotherapy in HIV Infection
      2. Allows for shorter course and lower hepatotoxicity risk
      3. Review Drug Interactions before use
      4. Very expensive (10-20 times the cost of Isoniazid)
      5. Rifampin Routine Dosing (intermittent dosing not recommended when used alone)
         1. Adults 10 mg/kg up to 600 mg orally daily for 4 months
         2. Child 10-20 mg/kg/day (max 600 mg/day) for 4 months
      6. Efficacy
         1. Not inferior to Isoniazid for 9 months, and better completion rates with less adverse effects
            1. Menzies (2018) N Engl J Med 379(5):440-53 +PMID: 30067931 [PubMed]
   4. Alternative Protocols: Short course for 12 weeks (90% effective)
      1. Combination of both Isoniazid (INH) and Rifapentine both weekly for 12 weeks
         1. Each dose must be physician observed (due to risk of drug resistant Tuberculosis if stopped early)
      2. Protocol
         1. Isoniazid (INH) 15 mg/kg up to 900 mg weekly for 12 weeks AND
         2. Rifapentine (Priftin) weekly for 12 weeks
            1. Weight 10 to 14 kg: Rifapentine 300 mg weekly
            2. Weight 14.1 to 25 kg: Rifapentine 450 mg weekly
            3. Weight 2.5.1 32 kg: Rifapentine 600 mg weekly
            4. Weight 32.1 to 49.9 kg: Rifapentine 750 mg weekly
            5. Weight >50 kg (and adults): Rifapentine 900 mg weekly
      3. Efficacy
         1. As effective and safe as other Latent Tb regimens with significantly higher completion rates
            1. Njie (2018) Am J Prev Med 55(2):244-252 +PMID: 29910114 [PubMed]
      4. References
         1. Sterling (2011) N Engl J Med 365:2155-2166 [PubMed]
8. Protocols: Resistant Exposures
   1. Isoniazid Resistant Tuberculosis Exposure
      1. Rifampin 600 mg qd
      2. Ethambutol for 6-12 months
   2. Multi-drug resistant Tb Exposure:
      1. Pyrazinamide 25-30 mg/kg/day and
      2. Ethambutol 15-25mg/kg/day and
      3. Fluoroquinolones
         1. Ofloxacin 400mg bid or
         2. Ciprofloxacin 750 mg bid
9. Protocols: Discontinued - Rifampin and Pyrazinamide
   1. No longer recommended for Latent Tuberculosis Treatment due to hepatotoxicity
   2. Details listed for historical purposes only
      1. Rifampin 600 mg qd for 2 months
      2. Pyrazinamide 25mg/kg qd for 2 months
   3. Higher risk of hepatotoxicity than with 6 months INH
      1. Observe serial Liver Function Tests closely
      2. Jasmer (2002) Ann Intern Med 137:640-7 [PubMed]
10. Monitoring
    1. See Isoniazid for toxicity related to Neuropathy and Hepatotoxicity
    2. See Rifampin regarding Drug Interactions
11. References
    1. Orman, Moran and Swaminathan in Herbert (2016) EM:Rap 16(11): 2-3
    2. Hartman-Adams (2014) Am Fam Physician 89(11): 889-96 [PubMed]