Chlamydia Antigen

Aka: Chlamydia Antigen, Chlamydia Trachomatis Antigen, Chlamydia Polymerase Chain Reaction, Chlamydia Trachomatis PCR, Chlamydia PCR, Chlamydia Nucleic Acid Amplification Test, Chlamydia Trachomatis NAAT, Chlamydia DNA Probe, Chlamydia Rapid Point-Of-Care Test

1. See Also
   1. Chlamydia trachomatis
2. Indication
   1. Chlamydia screening in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients
3. Background
   1. Chlamydia Antigen testing has replaced Chlamydia culture
   2. Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAAT, PCR) are the primary tests used in the U.S. for Chlamydia detection
4. Precautions
   1. Avoid rapid point-of-care Chlamydia tests (very low accuracy, see below)
5. Labs
   1. Chlamydia Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT, PCR)
      1. Preferred method
   2. Older Methods
      1. Direct Fluorescent Antibody (DFA)
      2. Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA)
   3. Mechanism
      1. Detects both live and dead organisms
      2. Positive test may be seen in recent treatment
6. Technique
   1. Same swab is used to detect both Gonorrhea and Chlamydia
   2. Eye Sample
      1. Topical Eye Anesthetic applied
      2. Swab lower and upper lids (inner surface)
   3. Urethral Samples (Males)
      1. Patient should not urinate within 1 hour before test
      2. Insert small Dacron swab 2-4 cm into Urethra
   4. Cervical Samples
      1. Wipe Cervix to remove excess mucus
      2. Insert Dacron swab into endocervix
      3. Rotate swab for 5 to 10 seconds
      4. Withdraw swabs without touching any vaginal surface
   5. Rectal Samples (symptomatic patients)
      1. Insert Dacron swab 3 cm into anal canal
      2. Withdraw swab
      3. Fecal contaminated samples should be redone
7. Efficacy
   1. Chlamydia Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAAT, PCR)
      1. Test Sensitivity: 85.5%
      2. Test Specificity: 99.6%
      3. Cook (2005) Ann Intern Med 142(11):914-25 +PMID: 15941699 [PubMed]
   2. Chlamydia DFA, EIA (older methods, replaced by PCR)
      1. Test Sensitivity: 88-91%
      2. Test Specificity: 97-99%
   3. Chlamydia Rapid Point-Of-Care Tests (avoid, very high False Negative Rate)
      1. Test Sensitivity: 38 to 58%
      2. Test Specificity: 98%
      3. Grillo-Ardila (2020) Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1):CD011708 +PMID: 31995238 [PubMed]