II. Epidemiology
- Health Care Associated Infections are caused by multidrug resistant organisms in 16% of cases (especially MRSA)
III. Pathophysiology: Factors Affecting Drug Resistance
-
Antibiotic Overuse
- Viral Upper Respiratory Infections
- Agricultural antibiotic use
- Increasing Incidence of immunocompromised patients
- Food supply globalization
IV. Causes: Emerging Drug Resistance
- Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)
- Penicillin Resistant Pneumococcus
- Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus
- Multi-resistant Gram Negative Bacilli
- Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae
- Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella
- Nosocomial outbreaks
- Restricted drug use sometimes beneficial
- Multi-Resistant Neisseria Gonorrhea
- Multi-Resistant Tuberculosis
V. Prevention
-
Antibiotic Stewardship
- Limit antibiotics to cases in which they are absolutely indicated
- Prevent spread
- See Health Care-Associated Infection
- Practice good Hand Hygiene before and after seeing each paint
- Follow contact precautions for colonized or infected patients
- Consider culturing for nasal MRSA in high risk hospital settings (e.g. ICU) and decolonization with Bactroban of infected patients
- Decolonization
- Chlorhexidine baths daily for intensive care unit patients
VI. Resources
- Centers for Disease Control
- Patient Education Tools on appropriate antibiotic use
-
Patient Education from FamilyDoctor.org
- Antibiotic Resistance
- Antibiotic Indications
VII. Reference
- (1995) Lecture: M Osterholm, MD, Minneapolis, MN
- Hooton (2001) Am Fam Physician 63(6):1087-6 [PubMed]
- Hsu (2014) Am Fam Physician 90(6): 377-82 [PubMed]
- Sensakovic (2001) Med Clin North Am 85:115-23 [PubMed]
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Related Studies
| Definition (NCI) | The mechanisms, functions, activities, or processes exhibited by microorganisms, especially bacteria, to resist or to become tolerant to antibiotics. |
| Definition (NCI_CDISC) | The mechanisms, functions, activities, or processes exhibited by microorganisms, especially bacteria, to resist or to become tolerant to antibiotics. |
| Concepts | Organism Attribute (T032) |
| MSH | D004352 |
| ICD10 | Z16.20 |
| English | Antibiotic Resistance, Resistance, Antibiotic, antibiotic resistance, Resistance to antibiotics NOS, ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE, Antibiotic Resistance, Microbial |
| Czech | rezistence na antibiotika |
| Portuguese | Resistência a Antibióticos, Resistência Microbiana a Antibióticos |
| Spanish | Resistencia a Antibióticos, Resistencia Microbiana a Antibióticos |
| French | Résistance microbienne aux antibiotiques, Antibiorésistance, Résistance des microbes aux antibiotiques |
| German | Antibiotikaresistenz, Antibiotikaresistenz, mikrobielle |
| Croatian | OTPORNOST MIKROBA NA ANTIBIOTIKE |
| Italian | Resistenza microbica agli antibiotici, Resistenza agli antibiotici |
| Dutch | Geneesmiddelenresistentie, microbiële |
Ontology: Antimicrobial Resistance (C1456627)
| Concepts | Clinical Attribute (T201) |
| English | Antimicrobial Resistance |
