II. Epidemiology
- Most common cause of bloody Diarrhea in the United States (since 2010 when surpassed E. coli 0157:H7)
- Only small inoculum required for infection
- Transmission
- Human feces
- Hand contact
- Fly infestation
III. Causes: Foodborne Sources
- Contaminated drinking water
- Contaminated raw produce
- Foods contaminated by infected food handler
IV. Pathophysiology
- Invades bowel mucosa
- Produces enterotoxin in colon
V. Symptoms
VI. Signs
- Fever (58% of cases)
- Dehydration
- Lower abdominal tenderness
VII. Diagnosis: Flexible Sigmoidoscopy or Colonoscopy
- Hyperemic bowel wall
- Mural edema
- Purulent exudate
VIII. Labs
-
Stool microscopy
- Stool Mucus
- Fecal Leukocytes present
- Complete Blood Count
- Routine Stool Culture
- Negative only after 48 hours of antibiotics
IX. Management
- See Acute Diarrhea
- Treat immunocompromised patients for 7-10 days
- Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim) is no longer recommended due to Antibiotic Resistance
- Adults with dysentery: first-line agents
- Ciprofloxacin 500 mg orally twice daily for 3 days or
- Levofloxacin 500-750 mg orally daily for 3 days
- Adults with dysentery: alternative agents
- Azithromycin 500 mg daily for 3 days or
- Ceftriaxone 1-2 g IV daily for 3 days (in severe disease)
- Children with dysentery: first-line agents
- Azithromycin 10 mg/kg/day daily for 3 days or
- Ceftriaxone 50-75 mg/kg/day for 2- 5 days (in severe disease)
- References
- (2015) Sanford Guide to Antimicrobial Therapy, IOS app accessed 5/8/2016
X. Complications
XI. Resources
- CDC Shigella
XII. References
Images: Related links to external sites (from Bing)
Related Studies (from Trip Database) Open in New Window
| Definition (NCI) | A genus of Gram-negative, non-spore forming rod-shaped bacteria in the phylum Proteobacteria. |
| Definition (NCI_CDISC) | Any bacteria that is not assigned to the species level but can be assigned to the Shigella genus level. |
| Definition (MSH) | A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that ferments sugar without gas production. Its organisms are intestinal pathogens of man and other primates and cause bacillary dysentery (DYSENTERY, BACILLARY). |
| Definition (CSP) | genus of gram negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod shaped bacteria that ferments sugar without gas production; its organisms are intestinal pathogens of man and other primates and cause bacillary dysentery. |
| Concepts | Bacterium (T007) |
| MSH | D012760 |
| SnomedCT | 77352002 |
| English | Shigella, Shigella (organism), Genus Shigella, Genus Shigella (organism), Shigella Castellani and Chalmers 1919, shigella, shigellas, SHIGELLA, Shigella, NOS |
| French | Shigelles, Shigella |
| Japanese | 赤痢菌, ｾｷﾘｷﾝ |
| Swedish | Shigella |
| Czech | Shigella |
| Spanish | Shigella (organismo), género Shigella (organismo), género Shigella, Shigella |
| Finnish | Shigella |
| Russian | SHIGELLA, ШИГЕЛЛА |
| Croatian | SHIGELLA |
| Polish | Pałeczki czerwonki, Shigella |
| Hungarian | Shigella |
| Norwegian | Shigella |
| German | Shigella |
| Italian | Shigella |
| Dutch | Shigella |
| Portuguese | Shigella |
Ontology: Dysentery, Bacillary (C1527298)
| Definition (MSHCZE) | Infekční onemocnění střeva vyvolané Shigellami. Inkubace je 1–3–(7) dnů. Projevuje se horečkou a zejm. průjmy provázenými bolestivým nucením na stolici (tenesmy). Ve stolici může být přítomna krev. Vysoce nakažlivé onemocnění, jehož zdrojem je jen člověk (nemocný nebo bacilonosič). V klinickém průběhu u dětí či oslabených osob může být výraznější horečka a celkové příznaky. Ke komplikacím mohou patřit záněty kloubů, nervů, myokardu, hemolyticko-uremický syndrom u dětí. Střevní perforace je vzácná. Důležitá je dostatečná hydratace. Vyvíjí se vakcína. Dnes u nás probíhá spíše lehce, ale u oslabených osob (s podvýživou) může mít těžký průběh. (cit. Velký lékařský slovník online, 2013 http://lekarske.slovniky.cz/ ) |
| Definition (MSH) | DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE), most often by the genus SHIGELLA. Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. Group A: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE (severest); Group B: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; Group C: SHIGELLA BOYDII; and Group D: SHIGELLA SONNEI (mildest). |
| Definition (CSP) | dysentary caused by gram negative rod shaped enteric bacteria, most often by the genus Shigella; Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. |
| Concepts | Disease or Syndrome (T047) |
| MSH | D004405 |
| ICD10 | A03.9 |
| SnomedCT | 154272001, 186103005, 266175007, 274081004, 36188001 |
| English | Bacillary Dysentery, Dysentery, Bacillary, Bacillary dysentery NOS, Dysentery, Bacillary [Disease/Finding], Dysentery;bacillary, dysentery bacillary, Bacillary dysentry, bacillary dysentery, bacillary dysentery (diagnosis), Bacillary dysentery, Bacillary dysentery (disorder), bacillary; dysentery, dysentery; bacillary |
| Dutch | bacillaire dysenterie, bacillair; dysenterie, dysenterie; bacillair, Bacillaire dysenterie, Dysenterie, bacillaire, Shigellose |
| German | Bakterienruhr, Dysenterie, bakterielle |
| Portuguese | Disenteria bacilar, Shiguelose, Disenteria Bacilar |
| Spanish | Disentería bacilar, disentería bacilar, disentería basilar, disentería basilar (trastorno), disentería bacilar (trastorno), Disentería Bacilar |
| Swedish | Rödsot |
| Japanese | ｻｲｷﾝｾｲｾｷﾘ, 細菌赤痢, 赤痢菌感染症, 赤痢-細菌, 赤痢-細菌性, 細菌性赤痢 |
| Czech | Shigella - infekce, Bacilární dysenterie, úplavice bacilární, bacilární dyzentérie, dyzentérie bacilární |
| Finnish | Shigelloosi |
| Russian | SHIGELLA-INFEKTSII, DIZENTERIIA BATSILLIARNAIA, SHIGELLA-ИНФЕКЦИИ, ДИЗЕНТЕРИЯ БАЦИЛЛЯРНАЯ |
| Croatian | DIZENTERIJA, BACILARNA |
| Polish | Czerwonka bakteryjna, Szigelloza, Zakażenie Shigella |
| Hungarian | bacillaris dysenteria |
| Norwegian | Basillær dysenteri, Dysenteri, basillær |
| French | Dysenterie bacillaire, Gastro-entérites à shigelles, Gastroentérites à shigelles |
| Italian | Dissenteria bacillare |
Ontology: Shigellosis Pathway (C2984571)
| Definition (NCI_KEGG) | Shigellosis, or bacillary dysentery, is an intestinal infection caused by Shigella, a genus of enterobacteria. Shigella are potential food-borne pathogens that are capable of colonizing the intestinal epithelium by exploiting epithelial-cell functions and circumventing the host innate immune response. During basolateral entry into the host-cell cytoplasm, Shigella deliver a subset of effectors into the host cells through the type III secretion system. The effectors induce membrane ruffling through the stimulation of the Rac1-WAVE-Arp2/3 pathway, enabling bacterial entry into the epithelial cells. During multiplication within the cells, Shigella secrete another subset of effectors. VirG induces actin polymerization at one pole of the bacteria, allowing the bacteria to spread intracellularly and to infect adjacent cells. OspF, OspG and IpaH(9.8) downregulate the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-8, helping bacteria circumvent the innate immune response. |
| Concepts | Functional Concept (T169) |
| English | Shigella Infection Pathway, Shigellosis Pathway, Shigellosis |
