II. Physiology
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Blood Glucose
- Released from hepatic stores between meals
- Derived from ingested carbohydrates
- Postprandial Glucose >20 fold over hepatic release
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Insulin
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General
- Insulin produced by pancreatic beta cells
- Insulin release stimulated by Blood Glucose
- Insulin response to Glucose is linear
- Phase 1 Insulin Release
- Duration: 10 minutes
- Suppresses hepatic Glucose release
- Phase 2 Insulin Release
- Duration: 2 hours
- Controls mealtime carbohydrates
- Basal Insulin Release
- Low continuous Insulin level
- Covers metabolic needs between meals
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General
III. Pathophysiology: Type II Diabetes Mellitus
- Loss of Glucose sensitivity (see above)
- Insulin production by beta cell
- Impaired incretin action
- Incretins manage postprandial Glucose levels
- Incretin released from GI tract following meals
- Endogenous Incretin effects
- Progressive incretin reduced activity
- Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) activity decreases
- Incretins manage postprandial Glucose levels
- Medications
- Increase Insulin sensitivity
- Stimulate Insulin release from beta cells
- Meglitinides (act on phase 1 release)
- Sulfonylureas (act on phase 2 release)
- Replace Insulin
- See Insulin
- Increase incretin levels (GLP-1)
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Related Studies
Definition (GO) | The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. [ISBN:0198506732] |
Definition (CSP) | sum of chemical changes that occur within the tissues of an organism consisting of anabolism (biosynthesis) and catabolism of glucose; the buildup and breakdown of glucose for utilization by the organism. |
Concepts | Molecular Function (T044) |
English | glucose metabolic process, cellular glucose metabolic process, glucose metabolism, Glucose Metabolism |