Obstetrics Book

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Breast Feeding

Aka: Breast Feeding, Infant Nursing, Lactation, Breast Milk
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  1. See Also
    1. Infant Feeding
    2. Infant Nutritional Sources
    3. Infant Nutrition Components
    4. Breast Feeding
    5. Breast Feeding Technique
    6. Lactation Vitamin Supplementation
    7. Medications in Lactation
    8. Breast Feeding Problems for the Mother
    9. Lactation Problems for the Infant
    10. Lactation for Infant with Cleft Lip or Palate
    11. Lactation for the Premature Infant
    12. Lactation Resources
  2. Epidemiology
    1. Incidence
      1. Initial: Under 50% Breast feed (HP2000 Goal: 75%)
      2. After 6 months: 20% continue (HP2000 Goal: 50%)
    2. Highest Breast Feeding rates:
      1. White
      2. Primipara
      3. Over age 30 years
      4. College educated
      5. Employed
      6. Higher socioeconomic status
      7. Western states
    3. Lowest rates among:
      1. Under age 20 years
      2. Unemployed
      3. Unmarried
      4. Lower socioeconomic class
      5. Poor social support
  3. Advantages: Breast Feeding
    1. Lower Incidence of Infantile Colic
    2. Most important method of maternal-infant bonding
    3. Easier to digest than formula (related to protein)
      1. Human milk is digested in 1.5 hours
      2. Formula is digested in 4 hours
    4. Does not induce allergic response (contrast to formula)
      1. Diarrhea
      2. Gastrointestinal tract bleeding
      3. Atopic Dermatitis
    5. Lower Incidence of feeding problems
      1. Gastroesophageal Reflux (Regurgitation)
      2. Constipation
    6. Colostrum contains multiple immune factors
      1. Macrophages
        1. Complement
        2. Lysozyme
        3. Lactoferrin
      2. Secretory IgA antibodies
        1. Infant receives 0.5 to 1g Secretory IgA per day
        2. Bacterial, Viral, and protozoal protection
    7. Lower Incidence of infection
      1. Bacteremia
      2. Meningitis
      3. Botulism
      4. Gastrointestinal infection
      5. Lower respiratory infection
      6. Otitis Media
      7. Urinary Tract Infection
    8. Advantages to mother
      1. Faster return to prepregnancy weight
      2. Decreased postpartum bleeding
      3. Increased Bone Mineral Density
      4. Lower Incidence of Ovarian Cancer
      5. Lower Incidence of premenopausal Breast Cancer
  4. Efficacy: Breast Feeding is not guaranteed Contraception
    1. Bottle Feeding
      1. Postpartum 12 weeks: 100% of women ovulating
    2. Breast Feeding
      1. Postpartum 12 weeks: 20% ovulating
      2. Postpartum 20 weeks: 50% ovulating
      3. Postpartum 30 weeks: 75% ovulating
      4. Postpartum 40 weeks: 85% ovulating
      5. Postpartum 50 weeks: 95% ovulating
      6. Postpartum 60 weeks: 100% ovulating
  5. Contraindications: Absolute
    1. Maternal HIV Infection
    2. Untreated active Tuberculosis
    3. Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) lesions on Breast
    4. Chemical Dependency
    5. Important medication use that contraindicates Lactation
      1. See Contraindicated Drugs in Lactation
  6. Contraindications: Relative
    1. Tobacco Smoking in Lactation
      1. Significant nicotine exposure via Breast Milk
      2. 10x greater exposure than in bottle fed infants
      3. Mascola (1998) Am J Public Health 88:893-6
  7. Advantages: Higher risk infants could benefit most from Lactation
    1. Respond positively to prenatal education
    2. Physician counseling and support
  8. References
    1. (1997) Pediatrics 100:1035-9

Breast Feeding (C0006147)

Definition (MSH) The nursing of an infant at the breast.
Definition (MEDLINEPLUS)

Breast feeding offers many benefits to your baby. Breast milk contains the right balance of nutrients to help your infant grow into a strong and healthy toddler. Some of the nutrients in breast milk also help protect your infant against some common childhood illnesses and infections. It may also help your health. Certain types of cancer may occur less often in mothers who have breastfed their babies.

Women who don't have health problems should try to give their babies breast milk for at least the first six months of life. There are some cases when it's better not to breast feed. If you have HIV or active tuberculosis, you should not breast feed because you could give the infection to your baby. Certain medicines, illegal drugs, and alcohol can also pass through the breast milk and cause harm to your baby.

NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Definition (NCI) The nursing of an infant at the mother's breast.
Definition (CSP) nursing of an infant at the mother's breast.
Concepts Organism Function (T040)
MSH D001942
SnomedCT 146973009, 169741004, 12434007
English Breastfeeding, Feeding, Breast, BREAST FEEDING, Breast feeding, Breast feeding, NOS, breast feeding, Infant breast fed, BF - Breast fed, BF - Breast-feeding, Lactation, Nurse, breast fed, breast fedding, breastfeed, breast feedings, breast fed infants, breastfeedings, breasting feeding, breast fed infant, breast feed, Breast fed, Breast fed (finding), Breast feeding (function), Breast Feeding, Nursing, Breast feeding, function (observable entity), breastfeeding, Infant breastfed, BF - Breastfed, BF - Breastfeeding
Spanish amamantado, lactancia materna (entidad observable), lactancia materna, amamantamiento, lactancia, Breast fed, lactancia materna (función), Lactancia materna, lactancia (hallazgo), alimentado a pecho (hallazgo), alimentado a pecho, Lactancia Materna, Amamantamiento
Swedish Amning
Japanese ﾎﾞﾆｭｳｴｲﾖｳﾎｳ, 母乳栄養法, 母乳栄養
Czech kojení, Kojení
Finnish Imetys
French Allaitement, Allaitement maternel, Allaitement au sein
Russian GRUDNOE VSKARMLIVANIE, ГРУДНОЕ ВСКАРМЛИВАНИЕ
Croatian DOJENJE
Polish Karmienie piersią, Żywienie niemowląt naturalne
Hungarian Emlő táplálás
Dutch borstvoeding, Borstvoeding, Voeding, borst-
German Stillen
Italian Allattamento al seno
Portuguese Aleitamento Materno, Amamentação
Sources
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)


Lactation Disorders (C0022927)

Definition (NCI) A disorder not necessarily related to pregnancy that is observed in females and males. It is characterized by disturbances of milk secretion. Causes include damage to the breast parenchyma due to inflammation, medications, pituitary tumors, and hypothyroidism.
Definition (NCI) A disorder characterized by disturbances of milk secretion. It is not necessarily related to pregnancy that is observed in females and can be observed in males.
Definition (MSH) Disturbances of MILK secretion in either SEX, not necessarily related to PREGNANCY.
Concepts Disease or Syndrome (T047)
MSH D007775
ICD9 676.90, 676.9
ICD10 O92.70
SnomedCT 200465001, 200460006, 200459001, 35046003
English DISORDER OF LACTATION, LACTATION DISORDER, Disorders, Lactation, Lactation Disorders, Unspecified disorder of lactation, Disorder, Lactation, Lactation disorders, Disorder of lactation, NOS, Disorders of lactation NOS, Disorder of lactation NOS, Disorder of lactation NOS, unspecified, Lactation disorder NOS unspec, LACTATION DIS, lactation disorder (diagnosis), lactation disorder, Lactation disorder NOS, Lactation Disorder, Lactation dis NOS-unspec, Disorder of lactation NOS (disorder), Disorders of lactation NOS (disorder), Disorder of lactation NOS, unspecified (disorder), Unspecified disorders of lactation, Lactation Disorders [Disease/Finding], Disorder;lactation, Lactation disorder, Disorder of lactation (disorder), Disorder of lactation, disorder; lactation, lactation; disorder, Unspecified disorder of lactation, unspecified as to episode of care, disorder of lactation
Italian Disturbo della lattazione, Disturbo della lattazione non specificato, Disturbo della lattazione NAS, Disturbo della lattazione non specificato, episodio di cura non specificato, Disturbi della lattazione
Dutch niet-gespecificeerde aandoening van lactatie, niet-gespecificeerd naar behandelperiode, borstvoedingsstoornis NAO, niet-gespecificeerde aandoening van lactatie, lactatie; stoornis, stoornis; lactatie, borstvoedingsstoornis, lactatiestoornissen, Lactatiestoornis, Lactatiestoornissen, Stoornis, lactatie-, Stoornissen, lactatie-
French Trouble de l'allaitement SAI, Trouble de la lactation non précisé, Trouble de la lactation non précisé, épisode de soins non précisé, Trouble de l'allaitement, Troubles de la lactation
German unspezifische Laktationsstoerung, Laktationsstoerung NNB, unspezifische Laktationsstoerung, ohne Angabe der Behandlungsepisode, Laktationsstoerungen, Laktationsstoerung, Laktationsstörungen
Portuguese Perturbação da lactação NE, episódio de cuidados NE, Alteração da lactação NE, Perturbação da lactação NE, Alteração da lactação, Alterações da lactação, Transtornos da Lactação
Spanish Trastorno no especificado de la lactación, Trastorno no especificado de la lactancia, sin especificación del episodio de asistencia, Trastorno de la lactación NEOM, trastorno de la lactancia (trastorno), trastorno de la lactancia, SAI (trastorno), trastorno de la lactancia, SAI, trastorno de la lactancia, trastornos de la lactancia, SAI (trastorno), trastornos de la lactancia, SAI, no especificados (trastorno), trastornos de la lactancia, SAI, no especificados, trastornos de la lactancia, SAI, Trastorno de la lactancia, Trastornos de la lactación, Trastornos de la Lactancia
Japanese 乳汁分泌障害, 乳汁分泌障害ＮＯＳ, 詳細不明の乳汁分泌障害, ﾆｭｳｼﾞｭｳﾌﾞﾝﾋﾟﾂｼｮｳｶﾞｲ, ﾆｭｳｼﾞｭｳﾌﾞﾝﾋﾟｼｮｳｶﾞｲNOS, ﾆｭｳｼﾞｭｳﾌﾞﾝﾋﾟﾂｼｮｳｶﾞｲNOS, ｼｮｳｻｲﾌﾒｲﾉﾆｭｳｼﾞｭｳﾌﾞﾝﾋﾟｼｮｳｶﾞｲ, ｼｮｳｻｲﾌﾒｲﾉﾆｭｳｼﾞｭｳﾌﾞﾝﾋﾟﾂｼｮｳｶﾞｲ, ﾆｭｳｼﾞｭｳﾌﾞﾝﾋﾟｼｮｳｶﾞｲ
Swedish Amningssvårigheter
Czech laktace - poruchy, Porucha laktace, Blíže neurčená porucha laktace, Poruchy laktace, Porucha laktace NOS, Blíže neurčená porucha laktace, bez určení vztahu k péči
Finnish Laktaatiohäiriöt
Russian GIPOGALAKTIIA, LAKTATSII NARUSHENIIA, ГИПОГАЛАКТИЯ, ЛАКТАЦИИ НАРУШЕНИЯ
Croatian LAKTACIJA, POREMEĆAJI
Polish Laktacja niedostateczna, Zaburzenia laktacji
Hungarian Tejelválasztási zavar, Tejelválasztás nem meghatározott betegsége, Lactatio betegségei, Tejelválasztási zavar k.m.n., Tejelválasztás terhesegondozás időpontja alapján nem meghatározható, nem meghatározott betegségei
Sources
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)


Milk, Human (C0026140)

Definition (CSP) white liquid secreted by the human mammary glands; it contains proteins, sugar, lipids, vitamins, and minerals.
Concepts Body Substance (T031)
MSH D008895
SnomedCT 87640006, 226789007
HL7 MILK
English Human Milk, Breast Milk, Breast Milks, Mother's milk (substance), Mother's milk, human milk (medication), foods milk human, breast milk, human milk, mother's milk, breasts milk, Breast milk, Human milk, BM - Breast milk, Breast milk (substance), Milk, Human, Milk, Breast
French Lait de femme, Lait humain, Lait maternel
Swedish Bröstmjölk
Spanish leche materna, leche materna (sustancia), leche humana (sustancia), leche humana, Leche de la Madre, Leche Humana, Leche Materna
Czech mléko mateřské
Finnish Äidinmaito
Italian Latte materno, Latte umano
Russian MOLOKO ZHENSKOE, MOLOKO GRUDNOE, MOLOKO CHELOVECHESKOE, МОЛОКО ГРУДНОЕ, МОЛОКО ЖЕНСКОЕ, МОЛОКО ЧЕЛОВЕЧЕСКОЕ
Croatian MLIJEKO, HUMANO
Polish Mleko kobiece
Japanese 母乳, 人乳
German Brustmilch, Frauenmilch, Muttermilch, menschliche
Dutch Melk, moeder-, Moedermelk
Portuguese Leite Humano, Leite Materno
Sources
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)


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