Neonatology Book

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Head Circumference

Aka: Head Circumference, Microcephaly, Microcephalic Infant, Macrocephaly, Macrocephalic Infant
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  1. See Also
    1. Newborn Head and Neck Exam
    2. Newborn Neurologic Exam
    3. Craniosynostosis
    4. Fontanelle
  2. Exam: Head Size Measurement
    1. Normal term newborn Head Circumference: 33 to 38 cm
    2. Technique
      1. Measuring tape around frontal forehead and occiput
      2. Take largest of several measurements
  3. Causes: Macrocephaly
    1. Familial with autosomal dominant inheritance
    2. Hydrocephalus
    3. Other conditions
      1. Achondroplasia (skeletal dysplasia)
      2. Sotos' Syndrome (Cerebral Gigantism)
      3. Alexander's Disease
      4. Canavan's Disease
      5. Gangliosidoses
      6. Glutaric aciduria Type I
      7. Neurofibromatosis Type I
  4. Causes: Microcephaly
    1. Familial
    2. Trisomy 13
    3. Trisomy 18 (Edward Syndrome)
    4. Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome)
    5. Cornelia de Lange
    6. Rubinstein-Taybi
    7. Smith-Lemli-Opitz
    8. Prader-Willi
    9. Teratogen Exposure
      1. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
      2. Radiation exposure in utero (<15 weeks gestation)
      3. Fetal Hydantoin
    10. TORCH Virus congenital infection
      1. Cytomegalovirus
      2. Rubella
      3. Toxoplasmosis
    11. Other causes
      1. Meningitis or Encephalitis
      2. Gestational Diabetes
      3. Maternal hyperphenylalaninemia
      4. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
  5. Diagnostic evaluation for Microcephaly
    1. Maternal phenylalanine level
    2. Karyotype of child for suspected Congenital Abnormality
    3. Head imaging (Head Ultrasound, Head CT, Head MRI)
    4. Amino acid analysis (fasting plasma and urine)
    5. Serum ammonium
    6. TORCH Virus serum titers (mother and child)
    7. Urine Culture for Cytomegalovirus
  6. References
    1. Behrman (2000) Nelson Pediatrics, Saunders, p. 1809
    2. Goetz (1999) Clinical Neurology, Saunders, p. 512
    3. Fuloria (2002) Am Fam Physician 65(1):61-8

Microcephaly (C0025958)

Definition (NCI) A congenital or acquired developmental disorder in which the circumference of the head is smaller than normal for the person's age and sex. It is the result of brain developmental delay.
Definition (PSY) Smallness of the head produced by incomplete development of the brain, often associated with below normal mental and cognitive development.
Definition (CSP) abnormal smallness of the brain.
Definition (MSH) A congenital abnormality in which the CEREBRUM is underdeveloped, the fontanels close prematurely, and, as a result, the head is small. (Desk Reference for Neuroscience, 2nd ed.)
Concepts Congenital Abnormality (T019)
MSH D008831
ICD9 742.1
ICD10 Q02
SnomedCT 204030002, 156893009, 204031003, 1829003
English Microcephalies, Microcephaly, Microcephalic, micrencephaly, MICROCEPHALY, Microcephalus NOS, Micrencephaly (disorder), Microencephaly, microencephaly, microcephalus (diagnosis), microcephaly (physical finding), microcephalus, micrencephala, microcephaly, Microcephaly (disorder), microcephaly was seen, Microcephalus NOS (disorder), Microcephaly [Disease/Finding], microcephalies, microencephalies, microcephali, microcephalic, microcephalis, microencephalis, Microcephalus, Micrencephaly, Nanocephaly, Microcephalus (disorder), micrencephalon
French MICROCEPHALIE, Microcéphalique, Microencéphalie, Microcéphalie
Portuguese MICROCEFALIA, Microcefálico, Microcéfalo, Microencéfalo, Micrencéfalo, Microencefalia, Microcefalia
Spanish MICROCEFALIA, Microcefálico, microcefalia (trastorno), microcefalia, Microcephaly, Microcefalo, Microencéfalo, Microencefalo, Microcéfalo, Microencefalia, microcéfalo (trastorno), microcéfalo, SAI (trastorno), microcéfalo, SAI, microcéfalo, microencefalia, Microcefalia
Dutch microcefalisch, microcefalus, micro-encefalie, microcefalie, Microcefalie
German mikrozephalisch, MIKROZEPHALUS, Mikroenzephalie, Mikrozephalus, Mikrozephalie
Italian Microcefalico, Microencefalia, Microcefalia
Japanese 小頭症, ｼｮｳﾄｳｼｮｳ, 小脳症, ｼｮｳﾉｳｼｮｳ
Swedish Mikrocefali
Czech mikrocefalie, Mikrocefalie, Mikrocefalus, Mikroencefalie
Finnish Mikrokefalia
Russian MIKROTSEFALIIA, МИКРОЦЕФАЛИЯ
Korean 소두증
Polish Małogłowie, Mikrocefalia
Hungarian Microcephalus, Microcephalia, Microencephalus
Sources
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)


Macrocephaly (C0221355)

Definition (MSH) A congenital abnormality in which the occipitofrontal circumference is greater than two standard deviations above the mean for a given age. It is associated with HYDROCEPHALUS; SUBDURAL EFFUSION; ARACHNOID CYSTS; or is part of a genetic condition (e.g., ALEXANDER DISEASE; SOTOS SYNDROME).
Concepts Congenital Abnormality (T019)
MSH D058627
ICD10 Q75.3
SnomedCT 205420008, 268154006, 19410003, 9740002, 204070009
English Macrocephaly, Macroencephaly, MACROCEPHALY, Macrocephalies, macrencephaly, megalencephaly, macrocephalus, macroencephaly, Macrocephaly [Disease/Finding], Macrocephalus, Macrocephaly (disorder), macrocephaly, megalocephaly, Megacephaly, Megalocephaly, Macrocephaly NOS
Dutch macrocefalie, macrocefalie NAO, Macrocefalie
French Macrocéphalie SAI, Macrocéphalie
German Makrozephalie NNB, Makrozephalie
Italian Macrocefalia NAS, Macrocefalia
Portuguese Macrocefalia NE, Macrocefalia
Spanish Macrocefalia NEOM, Macrocephaly, Macrocefalia, macrocefalia (trastorno), macrocefalia, macrocéfalo
Japanese 巨頭症, 巨頭症ＮＯＳ, ｷｮﾄｳｼｮｳ, ｷｮﾄｳｼｮｳNOS
Czech Makrocefalie NOS, Makrocefalie, makrocefalie
Korean 대두증
Russian МАКРОЦЕФАЛИЯ, MEGATSEFALIIA, МЕГАЦЕФАЛИЯ, MAKROTSEFALIIA
Hungarian Macrocephalia k.m.n., Macrocephalia
Sources
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)


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