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Bone Marrow ExamAka: Bone Marrow, Prolymphocyte, Erythroblast, Granuloblast, Megakaryocyte, Megalokaryocyte

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  1. See Also
    1. Bone Marrow Aspiration
  2. Physiology
    1. Bone marrow produces lymphocytic progenitor cells
      1. Lymphoblasts form in marrow, divide to prolymphocytes
      2. Prolymphocytes develop into 2 separate cell lines
        1. B-Lymphocytes develop in bone marrow
        2. T-Lymphocytes develop in thymus
    2. Bone marrow produces three stem cell myeloid lines
      1. Erythroblasts (Initial cell known as Proerythroblast)
        1. Develop into erythrocytes (Erythropoiesis)
      2. Myeloblasts (Granuloblasts)
        1. Represent 75% of nucleated cells in marrow
        2. Develop into Promyelocyte and then Granulocyte
        3. Characteristics
          1. Evenly distributed fine chromatin
          2. Multiple nucleoli
          3. Basophilic cytoplasm (non-granular)
      3. Megakaryocyte (Megalokaryocyte)
        1. Giant cell with multi-lobulated nucleus in marrow
        2. Releases mature blood platelets from cytoplasm
  3. Background
    1. Minimum of 500 cells must be counted
    2. Sample staining
      1. Wright Stain or
      2. May-Grunwald-Giemsa Stain
  4. Normal Bone Marrow Examination Findings
    1. Fat to Cell Ratio
      1. Child under age 10 years: 10% fat to 90% cells
      2. Adult: 30% - 70% fat to 70% - 30% cells
    2. Myeloid to Erythroid ratio: 3 to 1 ratio
    3. Erythroid Cells: 18 to 39% of marrow nucleated cells
    4. Megakaryocytes: 0.5 to 2% of nucleated cells in marrow
    5. Lymphocytes: 11 to 23% of nucleated cells in marrow
      1. T-Lymphocyte to B-Lymphocyte ratio: 3 to 1
    6. Plasma Cells: 0.4 to 3.9% of nucleated cells in marrow
    7. Myeloid Cells: 60-75% of nucleated cells in marrow
      1. Neutrophilic series: 49 to 65%
      2. Eosinophilic series: 1.2 to 5.3%
      3. Basophilic series and mast cells: <0.2%
  5. References
    1. Lee (1999) Wintrobe's Hematology, Lippincott, p. 23-25

Bone Marrow (C0005953)

Definition (MSH)The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells.
Definition (CSP)soft tissue filling the cavities of bones; exists in two types, yellow and red; yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells; red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes; bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells.
Definition (NCI)The soft, sponge-like tissue in the center of bones that produces white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.
ConceptsBody Part, Organ, or Organ Component (T023) , Body Substance (T031)
MSHD001853
EnglishAll bone marrow, BM - Bone marrow, Bone mar, Bone marrow, Bone marrow structure, Haematopoietic marrow, Hematopoietic marrow, Medulla ossea
Spanishestructura de la medula osea, medula hematopoyetica, medula hemopoyetica, medula osea
Parent ConceptsHematopoietic System (C0018957), Hemopoietic tissue (C0229619), Body part (C0229962), Immune system (C0020962), Organ (C0178784), Bone Marrow (C0005953), Body organ structure (C0229983), Skeletal bone (C0262950), Structure of lymphoreticular system (C0447154), Duplicate concept (C1274013), Subdivision of bone (organ) (C0504624)
SourcesAOD, CSP, HL7V2.5, LNC, MSH, MTH, NCI, SCTSPA, SNOMEDCT, UWDA
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)


Erythroblasts (C0014762)

Definition (MSH)Immature, nucleated ERYTHROCYTES occupying the stage of ERYTHROPOIESIS that follows formation of ERYTHROID PROGENITOR CELLS and precedes formation of RETICULOCYTES. Popularly called normoblasts.
Definition (NCI)Immature, nucleated erythrocytes occupying the stage of erythropoiesis that follows formation of erythroid progenitor cells and precedes formation of reticulocytes. Popularly called normoblasts. (MeSH)
ConceptsCell (T025)
MSHD004900
EnglishErythroblast, Erythroblasts, Erythrocytes.nucleated, Normoblast, Normoblasts, NRBC - Nucleated red blood cell present, Nucleated Erythrocyte, Nucleated Erythrocytes, Nucleated red blood cell, Nucleated red blood cell - observation, NUCLEATED RED BLOOD CELLS, Nucleated red cell, NUCLEATED RED CELLS
Spanisheritroblasto, eritrocito nucleado, globulo rojo nucleado, hematie nucleado, normoblasto
Parent ConceptsErythroid Progenitor Cells (C0014802), Myeloid Cells (C0887899), Erythrocytes (C0014792)
SourcesAOD, CSP, DXP, LNC, MSH, MTH, NCI, SCTSPA, SNOMEDCT
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)


Megakaryocytes (C0025166)

Definition (MSH)Very large BONE MARROW CELLS which release mature BLOOD PLATELETS.
Definition (CSP)giant cell of bone marrow, a large cell with a greatly lobulated nucleus; mature blood platelets are released from its cytoplasm.
Definition (NCI)Very large bone marrow cells which release mature blood platelets.
ConceptsCell (T025)
MSHD008533
Englishmegacaryocyte, megakaryocyte, Megakaryocytes, Megakaryocytic, megalocaryocyte, megalokaryocyte
Spanishmegacariocito
Parent Conceptsplatelet precursor (C0582509), Hematopoietic stem cells (C0018956), Erythroid Progenitor Cells (C0014802), Myeloid Cells (C0887899), Megakaryocytic cell (C1268010), Erroneous concept (C1274015)
SourcesAOD, CSP, LCH, MSH, MTH, NCI, SCTSPA, SNOMEDCT
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)


Prolymphocyte (C0229614)

Definition (NCI)A medium-sized round lymphocyte of B or T-cell lineage with prominent nucleoli. It is an intermediate cell between the lymphoblast and the small, mature lymphocyte.
ConceptsCell (T025)
EnglishProlymphocyte, Prolymphocytes
Spanishprolinfocito
Parent ConceptsLymphocyte (C0024264), Lymphoid precursor cell (C1267796)
SourcesLNC, NCI, SCTSPA, SNOMEDCT
Derived from the NIH UMLS (Unified Medical Language System)



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